About Book

The research area of circuits and systems deals with the theory, analysis and design of interconnected devices and components. Circuits and systems provide networks and channels for movement of electrical energy, signals and data and information as well as provide connection between disparate electrical components. Typically the circuits and systems of interest are targeted at signal processing and communications applications. Due to the complexity of most circuits and systems, computer methods and algorithms play a key role in the simulation, synthesis, layout, verification and testing of circuits and systems. An electronic circuit is a complete course of conductors through which current can travel. Circuits provide a path for current to flow. An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wired or traces through which electric current can flow. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of circuits and systems. It discusses the various technologies that have been developed in this field of study. It deals with analog integrated circuits, symbolic analysis techniques, CMOS circuits, neural circuits, composite pathway, metamaterials induced circuits and emulator circuits. Selected concepts that redefine this area of circuits and systems have been presented in this book. It explores all the important aspects of the field in the present day scenario. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and facilitate the study of the discipline.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Emulator Circuits and Resistive Switching Parameters of Memristor......................................................................................................1

Abstract ..................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Memristor switching device parameters..........................................6

3. Memristor models and emulators.....................................................9

4. Conclusion............................................................................................20

Chapter 2 Compact Metamaterials Induced Circuits and Functional

Devices.........................................................................................................25

Abstract.................................................................................................25

1. Miniaturized CRLH atoms for compact microwave/RF

circuits...................................................................................................26

2. Compact LH atoms for three-dimensional super lens................58

3. Compact meta-atoms for superscatterer illusions devices..........69

4. Conclusions..........................................................................................80

Acknowledgements.............................................................................81

Chapter 3 Feed-Forward and Feed-Back Circuits of the NRF2/AP-1

Composite Pathway..................................................................................85

Abstract.................................................................................................85

1. Introduction..........................................................................................85

2. Feed-forward circuits..........................................................................87

3. Feed-back circuits................................................................................93

4. Conclusion..........................................................................................101

Acknowledgements...........................................................................102

Chapter 4 Endocannabinoid Signaling in Neural Circuits of the Olfactory

and Limbic System.................................................................................115

Abstract ..............................................................................................115

1. Introduction........................................................................................115

2. Endocannabinoids as brain-derived signaling molecules.........117

3. Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the CNS....................118

4. Mechanism of endocannabinoid action: retrograde signaling.118

5. Endocannabinoids in the olfactory system..................................119

6. Cannabinoid receptors and hippocampal neural plasticity......123

7. Cannabinoid receptors as regulators of emotional memory....125

8. Endocannabinoids as neuroprotective agents................... 128

Chapter 5 CMOS Circuits and Systems for Lab‐on‐a‐Chip Applications...147

Abstract...............................................................................................147

1. Introduction........................................................................................147

2. Lab-on-a-chip based on CMOS technology.................................149

3. Conclusion..........................................................................................161

Chapter 6 Fault Diagnosis in Analog Circuits via Symbolic Analysis

Techniques................................................................................................166

1. Introduction........................................................................................166

2. Basic circuit formulations................................................................169

3. Conventional fault analysis methods............................................173

4. Conclusion..........................................................................................196

Chapter 7 Design of Analog Integrated Circuits Using Simulated Annealing/

Quenching with Crossovers and Particle Swarm Optimization.199

1. Introduction........................................................................................199

2. Analog design overview..................................................................201

3. Problem definition............................................................................205

4. Simulated annealing approaches in analog design....................212

5. SA/SQ algorithm and combination with population-based

algorithms...........................................................................................213

6. Experiments and results..................................................................223

7. Conclusion..........................................................................................229

Citation......................................................................................................233

Index...........................................................................................................235

About Author

Daved Ricardo pursued his Ph.D. in Electronic Systems from Public University of Science & Technology, Pretoria. He is working as a Research Fellow at Advanced Research Institute, Riyadh. His academic interests lie in capacitors, analog circuits and DC response. He has authored and edited numerous articles, journal papers and book chapters, which have been published worldwide. Ricardo has been a keynote speaker at numerous international conferences. He has also served as a reviewer in several well-known scientific journals.