About Book

Energy efficiency is key to the transformation of energy systems and, it is estimated, will play a critical role in limiting the growth of world energy. Energy efficiency is the process whereby the per unit consumption of electricity is greatly reduced. Energy has played a crucial role in accelerating the development of a nation. While one of the reasons for this has been the population explosion, another is the enormous increase in energy intensive economic activities. As the conventional sources of energy are fast depleting and the renewable sources have not matured to an economically viable level, several economic analyses have revealed that improving energy efficiency at all levels of the energy system is the most cost-effective and quick remedy to solve this problem as well as limit the emissions of greenhouse gases. Sufficient global energy resources have importance both for the world and the countries individually in terms of sustainable development, running of the economy and welfare of the society. This book on discusses a variety of topics related to energy efficiency such as sustainable or green energy technology production, energy efficient design and efficient electric devices. It deals with electric motor, parametric approaches, electrical power generation, integrated circuit design, energy development, automation systems, cellular networks, spectral efficiency and advanced control strategies. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. This book includes some of the vital pieces work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to energy efficiency. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Advanced Control Strategies with Simulations for a Typical District Heating System to Approaching Energy Efficiency Buildings........1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. General information of typical district heating systems...............2

2. Design of a typical DHS......................................................................5

3. Mathematical model development....................................................6

4. Actual dynamic model corrected by using open-loop test........10

5. Advanced control strategies and simulations...............................13

6. Conclusions..........................................................................................19

Chapter 2 Achievable Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency of Large‐Scale Distributed Antenna Systems................................................................24

Abstract.................................................................................................24

1. Introduction..........................................................................................25

2. System Model......................................................................................29

3. Achievable Ee.......................................................................................30

4. Achievable Se.......................................................................................34

5. Simulation Results..............................................................................37

6. Conclusions..........................................................................................41

Acknowledgements.............................................................................42

Chapter 3 Energy Efficiency for 5G Multi-Tier Cellular Networks.................45

Abstract.................................................................................................45

1. Introduction..........................................................................................46

2. System model.......................................................................................48

3. Coverage probability..........................................................................51

4. Propose base stations sleep mode strategies.................................53

5. Combined coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission and

BS sleeping scheme.............................................................................56

6. Markovian wireless networks...........................................................58

7. Numerical results................................................................................59

8. Conclusion............................................................................................63

Acknowledgements.............................................................................63

Chapter 4 An Intelligent System for Improving Energy Efficiency in Building

Using Ontology and Building Automation Systems ......................66

1. Introduction..........................................................................................66

2. State of the art and related works .................................................68

3. Overview of the approach ...............................................................70

4. Ontology for knowledge representation .......................................74

5. Knowledge acquisition through interpretation of 2D construction

drawings ..............................................................................................76

6. Knowledge generation through data mining algorithm ............81

7. Intelligent analysis through ontology processing .......................85

8. Conclusion ...........................................................................................85

9. Acknowledgment ...............................................................................86

Chapter 5 Globalization of the Natural Gas Market on Natural Gas Prices in

Electric Power Generation and Energy Development.....................89

1. Introduction..........................................................................................89

2. Modeling and analyzing impact of interdependency between

natural gas and electricity infrastructures.....................................89

3. Generation development options in United Kingdom (UK) from

the aspect of natural gas availability and prices..........................93

4. US and Canadian liquefied natural gas ......................................100

5. Impact of natural gas market on power generation development

in Russia ............................................................................................106

6. China: Future of natural gas coal consumption in Beijing,

Guangdong and Shanghai – An assessment utilizing

MARKAL ...........................................................................................114

7. LNG in South America: Markets, prices and security of

supply ................................................................................................122

8. Natural gas market dynamics and infrastructure development in

South East Europe ...........................................................................129

9. Conclusions........................................................................................138

10. Acknowledgement.............................................................................138

Chapter 6 Achieving Energy Efficiency in Analogue and Mixed Signal Integrated Circuit Design ....................................................................142

1. Introduction........................................................................................142

2. Power reduction techniques in analogue integrated circuit

design .................................................................................................145

3. Applications examples ....................................................................155

4. Conclusions .......................................................................................166

5. Acknowledgment .............................................................................166

Chapter 7 Energy Efficiency and Electrical Power Generation.......................174

1. Introduction........................................................................................174

2. Energy efficiency ..............................................................................175

3. Efficiency in the electricity generation sector ............................178

4. Energy efficiency in industry .........................................................185

5. Energy governance ..........................................................................187

6. Conclusions .......................................................................................189

Chapter 8 Energy Efficiency Analysis in Agricultural Productions: Parametric and Non-Parametric Approaches.........................................................192

1. Introduction........................................................................................192

2. Materials and methods ...................................................................196

3. Results and discussions ..................................................................205

4. Conclusion .........................................................................................217

Chapter 9 Effect of an Electric Motor on the Energy Efficiency of an Electro- Hydraulic Forklift...................................................................................224

1. Introduction........................................................................................224

2. Overview of the test setup ............................................................226

3. Theoretical model of the system ..................................................229

4. Empirical results ..............................................................................235

5. Conclusion .......................................................................................237

6. Acknowledgments ..........................................................................237

Citation......................................................................................................243

Index...........................................................................................................245

About Author

Judith Kopecki received her Ph.D. in Renewable Energy from Technological University, Exeter. She specializes in the fields of bioenergy and geothermal energy and has contributed towards research of the same. She is a Visiting Professor at Public Research University, Troyes. Kopecki has produced several articles and books focused on energy conservation and related environmental concerns. She has been an eminent speaker in seminars across Europe, America and Asia. Her thorough efforts towards addressing environmental issues have been recognized and appreciated globally.