About Book

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level. IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. Integrated pest management depends on a systematic plan to control pests with deep emphasis on the eradication or minimizing the effect of pests on crop in an effective, economical and environmentally friendly manner. Despite of site-specific variations, the key compounds of the integrated pest management involves identification and enumeration of pest populations, impact on crop, assessment and utilization of best available pest management techniques. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of integrated pest management with highlights on the areas of major concerns. The book compiles case studies detailing different pest control measures and their use in different geographical, crop and entomological disciplines. It includes spatial structure, pest equilibrium resilience, eucalypt psyllids, aerial application technologies, pest management strategies and particulate nanoinsecticides. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on the subject have been included in the book. The content coverage in this book should appeal the reader’s concern to upkeep rational decisions about the use of pesticides.

Preface ....................................................................................................................... v

1 Particulate Nanoinsecticides: A New Concept in Insect Pest

Management .......................................................................................................... 1

Abstract ........................................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 2

2. Identifying and understanding the mechanism of pesticide action of

nano-structured alumina ........................................................................... 10

3. Assessment of tribo-charging in insects, electrostatic charge of insecticidal

powder particles and wheat kernels ........................................................ 12

4. Results ........................................................................................................... 14

5. Discussion ..................................................................................................... 16

6. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 19

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 21

2. Integrated Pest Management ............................................................................ 31

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 31

2. IPM – A philosophy ..................................................................................... 33

3. IPM process ................................................................................................... 35

4. Pest management tactics ............................................................................ 37

5. IPM: A multi-disciplinary approach ........................................................ 39

6. Benefits of an IPM programme .................................................................. 39

7. Disadvantages of an IPM programme ...................................................... 40

References ..................................................................................................... 40

3. Integrated Pest Management in Chickpea ..................................................... 43

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 43

2. Diseases caused by fungi ............................................................................ 44

3. Broomrapes .................................................................................................. 48

4. Insect pests.................................................................................................... 54

5. Nematode pests ........................................................................................... 57

6. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 58

7. Acknowledgment ........................................................................................ 59

References ..................................................................................................... 59

4. Advances in Aerial Application Technologies and Decision

Support for Integrated Pest Management ...................................................... 72

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 72

2. The development of AccuairTM technologies ......................................... 73

3. AccuairTM – Components .......................................................................... 77

4. Concluding remarks .................................................................................... 90

5. Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 91

References ..................................................................................................... 91

5. Baculoviruses:Members of Integrated Pest Management Strategies ...... 95

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 95

2. Integrated pest management (general overview) .................................. 95

3. Baculovirus ................................................................................................... 99

4. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 107

5. Acknowledgment ...................................................................................... 109

References ................................................................................................... 109

6. Integrated Pest Management of Eucalypt Psyllids

(Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea) .................................................................... 119

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 119

2. Jumping plant-lice ..................................................................................... 120

3. Eucalyptus .................................................................................................. 123

4. Psyllid pests and eucalypts ..................................................................... 124

5. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ........................................................ 135

6. Modelling Psylloidea dispersion ............................................................. 142

7. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 142

References ................................................................................................... 143

7. From Chemicals to IPM Against the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis

capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae) ........................................................................ 154

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 154

2. Current situation of the control of the medfly ...................................... 155

3. Use of mass-trapping against the medfly .............................................. 155

4. IPM based on mass-trapping against the medfly ................................ 163

5. Prospects of extention of IPM in citrus orchards .................................. 171

6. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 173

7. Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... 174

8. Quantifying the Effects of Integrated Pest Management in Terms of

Pest Equilibrium Resilience ............................................................................ 178

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 178

2. The spruce budworm model .................................................................... 179

3. Model analysis ........................................................................................... 181

4. Results ......................................................................................................... 186

5. Discussion ................................................................................................... 190

Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 191

9. Integrated Pest Management and Spatial Structure ................................... 193

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 193

2. Mathematical model ................................................................................. 198

3. Results and discussion .............................................................................. 203

4. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 208

Citation ................................................................................................................ 213

Index .................................................................................................................... 215

About Author

Klaus Jonston obtained his Ph.D. in Plant Science from Community College, Leverkusen. He is working as a Research Associate at University, Columbia. He has written several articles and research papers on entomology, plant pathology, synthesis and application of pheromones, advances in aerial application technologies, nematology and weed science. His keen research interest areas are pest risk analysis, pest management and spatial structure, integrated pest management, plant disease control and plant taxonomy. Jonston has been an invited speaker at various international conferences.