About Book

Microsensors can be regarded as miniature transducers, since they convert energy in the form of a measured mechanical signal into energy in electrical form. Microsensors are usually constructed from a silicon semiconductor material, but are sometimes fabricated from other materials such as metals, plastics, polymers, glasses, and ceramics that are deposited on a silicon base. Sensors are an essential element in many measurement, process, and control systems, with countless applications in the automotive, aerospace, biomedical, telecommunications, environmental, agricultural, and other industries. The stimulus to miniaturize sensors lies in the enormous cost benefits that are gained by using semiconductor processing technology, and in the fact that microsensors are generally able to offer a better sensitivity, accuracy, dynamic range, and reliability, as well as lower power consumption, than their larger counterparts. This book provides an overview of microsensors. It provides in-depth detail of various topics like magnetic sensors, microelectromechanical systems, bacterial sensors, sensors development, optical sensors, microfluidic sensors, biosensors, passive infrared and virtual sensors. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new uses and the applications of microsensors. The various subfields of the area along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in it. Coherent flow of topics, student- friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and facilitate the study of the discipline.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Automated Classification of Microwave Transmitter Failures Using Virtual Sensors............................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. AE as an advanced nondestructive techni-que...............................3

3. Causes of microwave tube failures...................................................4

4. Application of the AE technique to klystron tubes.......................5

5. Application of the AE technique to magnetron tubes..................9

6. Integration with ICAS........................................................................12

7. Virtual sensor.......................................................................................14

8. Conclusion............................................................................................17

Acknowledgements.............................................................................17

Biographies and contact information quantum physics.............18

Chapter 2 Global Water Vapor Estimates from Measurements from

Active GPS RO Sensors and Passive Infrared and

Microwave Sounders................................................................................21

Abstract.................................................................................................21

1. Introduction..........................................................................................22

2. COSMIC temperature and water vapor retrievals.......................24

3. The RO-ATMS and RO-AIRS inversion algorithms.....................30

4. Simulation inversion of the combined measurements in the

troposphere and lower stratosphere...............................................30

5. Initial results for the RO-MiRS retrievals from the COSMIC and

ATMS data............................................................................................34

6. Conclusions..........................................................................................35

Chapter 3 Detection of Pathogens Using Microfluidics and Biosensors........42

Abstract.................................................................................................42

1. Introduction..........................................................................................42

2. Case of study: HPV............................................................................43

3. Case of study: tuberculosis...............................................................47

4. Case of study: Chagas........................................................................56

5. Concluding remarks and future perspec-tives..............................64

Chapter 4 Microfluidic Sensors and Circuits for Internet of Things

Applications...............................................................................................70

Abstract ................................................................................................70

1. Introduction..........................................................................................70

2. Coupled optomechanical pressure and flow measurements.....72

3. Microfluidic sensor for point-of-care glaucoma diagnosis.........76

4. Microfluidic sensor for smart skin appli-cations..........................80

Chapter 5 Microsphere and Fiber Optics based Optical Sensors....................96

1. Introduction..........................................................................................96

2. Optical biosensors based on WGM

(Whispe-ring Gallery Mode).............................................................96

3. Fiber optic sensors............................................................................104

4. Summary.............................................................................................114

Chapter 6 Advances in Optical Fiber Laser Micromachining for

Sensors Development............................................................................117

1. Introduction........................................................................................117

2. Laser interaction with optical fiber mate-rials............................118

3. Fundamentals of optical fiber sensors..........................................121

4. FGs sensors fabrication using laser radi-ation............................126

5. NIR laser micromachining for cavity-based sensors.................137

6. Conclusions........................................................................................142

Acknowledgements...........................................................................143

Chapter 7 Bacterial Sensors in Microfouling Assays........................................149

1. Introduction........................................................................................149

2. Common bioassays used in the evaluation of chemical compounds

as candidates to combat the microfouling...................................155

3. Asking for antifouling molecules with the use of bacterial

sensors.................................................................................................156

4. Working model (combined strategy) to measure the potential of

inhibitors in marine microfouling process...................................163

5. Concluding remarks.........................................................................173

Chapter 8 Magnetic Field Sensors Based on Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Technology...............................................................................178

1. Introduction........................................................................................178

2. Resonant magnetic sensors ............................................................180

3. Fluxgate sensors ...............................................................................186

4. Hall sensors ......................................................................................192

5. Applications ....................................................................................197

6. Conclusion .......................................................................................200

7. Acknowledgment ...........................................................................200

Chapter 9 Application of Magnetic Sensors to Nano- and Micro-Satellite Attitude Control Systems ....................................................................205

1. Introduction........................................................................................205

2. Magnetic sensors in nano- and micro-satellite missions .........206

3. Precise estimation of the geomagnetic field in nano- and

micro-satellite missions ...................................................................211

4. Example of magnetometer applications for small satellite

missions .............................................................................................218

5. Conclusion..........................................................................................225

Citation......................................................................................................227

Index...........................................................................................................229

About Author

Robert Craig obtained his Ph.D. in Microelectronics and Nanotechnology from University of Science and Technology, Lille. He is working as a Business Advisor & Consultant Scientist for economic development organization at Quebec City. His thesis focused for designing and manufacturing of thermal microsensors. His interests span from on renewable energy especially solar energy. Craig has a strong knowledge in technology transfer field. He has attended numerous scientific conferences and symposiums; and has presented 10 papers and is a well-published author of academic books.