About Book

Marine botany is the study of aquatic plants and algae that live in seawater of the open ocean and the littoral zone, along shorelines of the intertidal zone, and in brackish water of estuaries. It addresses all organisms in aquatic environments that are photosynthetic. Algae and seagrasses are increasingly important to understand as they are the primary producers in water. It is a branch of marine biology and botany. Marine Botany explores the startling diversity and environmental dynamics of micro-and microalgae, sea grasses, mangroves, and salt marshes as well as phytoplankton and benthic communities that comprise the flourishing botanical garden submerged in and around the surface of our vast oceans. There are five kingdoms that present-day classifications group organisms into: the monera, protist, plantae, fungi, and animalia. Marine botany also includes benthic zone, coral reef, kelp forests, mangroves, phytoplankton, salt marsh, sea grass and seaweed. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of marine botany. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. It deals with various topics such as marine phytoplankton, marine macrophytic algae, biodegradation, marine herbivores, aquacultural homoeopathy, marine algae bioadsorbents and marine wetlands. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field. With its detailed analyses and data, this book will prove immensely beneficial to students & researchers involved in this area at various levels.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Major Natural Vegetation in Coastal and Marine Wetlands: Edible Seaweeds.......................................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Chemical components of edible seaweeds.......................................8

3. Conclusion............................................................................................16

Conflict of interest..............................................................................17

Chapter 2 Marine Algae Bioadsorbents for Adsorptive Removal of

Heavy Metals.............................................................................................23

Abstract.................................................................................................23

1. Introduction..........................................................................................23

2. The nature and kinetics of bioadsorption......................................28

3. Conclusion............................................................................................36

Acknowledgements.............................................................................36

Conflict of interest..............................................................................36

Chapter 3 Aquacultural Homoeopathy: A Focus on Marine Species..............40

Abstract.................................................................................................41

1. Introduction..........................................................................................41

2. Effects of homoeopathy in marine species....................................44

3. Conclusion............................................................................................66

Acknowledgements.............................................................................68

Chapter 4 Positive Indirect Interactions in Marine Herbivores and Algae...72

Abstract ................................................................................................72

1. Introduction..........................................................................................72

2. Conclusion............................................................................................85

Chapter 5 Biodegradation of the Organophosphate Pesticide Profenofos by

Marine Fungi.............................................................................................96

1. Introduction ........................................................................................96

2. Materials and methods ...................................................................104

3. Results and discussion ...................................................................110

4. Conclusion .........................................................................................126

Acknowledgements .........................................................................127

Chapter 6 Molecular Techniques to Estimate Biodiversity with Case Studies

from the Marine Phytoplankton ........................................................133

1. Introduction........................................................................................133

2. Determining biodiversity in environmental samples by sequence

analysis ..............................................................................................137

3. Fingerprinting methods as applied to environmental

samples ..............................................................................................139

4. Analysis of population structure using molecular markers ...142

5. Molecular probes for identification and characterization of

marine phytoplankton ....................................................................146

Chapter 7 Marine Macrophytic Algae of the Western Sector of North Pacific

(Russia)......................................................................................................164

1. Introduction ......................................................................................164

2. Materials and methods ...................................................................174

3. Species composition and distribution of marine macroalgae of

the upper part of the western North Pacific

(continental coast of Bering Sea and Commander Islands) ....175

4. Brief characteristics of the algal flora of the western part of

Bering Sea and Commander Islands ...........................................178

5. The problem of diversity conservation of algae in the western

Bering Sea including Commander Islands .................................182

6. Preliminary data on seaweed resources of the Russian sector of

North Pacific .....................................................................................185

7. Conclusion .........................................................................................189

8. Acknowledgment..............................................................................189

Citation......................................................................................................195

Index...........................................................................................................197

About Author

Kolton Jones has received his Ph.D. in Botany and Plant Pathology from Public Science University, Andalusia. His areas of interest are freshwater usage and habitat loss. He is an Associate Lecturer at Open Research University, Marburg. He has contributed numerous articles, textbooks and research papers on marine microbiology, coastal ecology and environmental toxicology. Jones holds prominent memberships of international ecological associations and has been an active participant at international conferences and forums.