About Book

Owed to its extraordinary electronic, thermal, and optical properties, as well as its integration possibilities and low cost, graphene has emerged as an attractive material for a myriad of optoelectronic applications. Optoelectronics is the examination and utilization of electronic gadgets that source, distinguish and control light, typically thought to be a sub-field of photonics. The richness of optical and electronic properties of graphene attracts enormous interest. Optoelectronics is based on the quantum mechanical effects of light on electronic materials, especially semiconductors, sometimes in the presence of electric fields. Moreover, its intrinsic nature enables the integration of graphene with silicon-based photonic devices in CMOS compatible processes. This book is devoted to provide details of optoelectronics, with respect to graphene. It focuses on biosignals, suppression noise of light, multiscale computation, excitonic crystal, bio devices, structuration process, nonlinear dynamics and optoelectronics flexible logic gate. It discusses modern features and future trends in this field. In the text, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of the subject as easy and informative as possible for the readers. This book will be of valuable resource for engineers and researchers in telecommunications and optoelectronics, equipment designers and manufacturers, and graduate students and scholars interested in this rapidly evolving field.

Preface ..................................................................................................................... v

1 Experimental and Numerical Study of an Optoelectronics Flexible Logic

Gate Using a Chaotic Doped Fiber Laser ......................................................... 1

Abstract ........................................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 2

2. Theoretical arrangement .............................................................................. 3

3. Implementation of the optoelectronics flexible logic gate using the

EDFL ................................................................................................................. 9

4. Results and discussions .............................................................................. 13

5. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 17

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 18

2. Nonlinear Dynamics in Optoelectronics Structures with Quantum

Well ........................................................................................................................ 22

Abstract ......................................................................................................... 22

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 23

2. Modeling methods and techniques for quantum well lasers ............... 24

3. Nonlinear dynamics of the quantum well laser ..................................... 32

4. Particularities of modeling and simulation of quantum well solar

cells ................................................................................................................. 40

5. Optical transmission system with laser chaotic carrier ...................... 44

6. Conclusions .................................................................................................. 47

3. Perspective of the Structuration Process Use in the Optoelectronics,

Solar Energy, and Biomedicine ........................................................................ 52

Abstract ......................................................................................................... 52

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 53

2. Features of the structuring of the volume of model polymers and

liquid crystals: change of the refractive parameters as indicator of the

changes of the photoconductive, spectral and structural properties . 63

3. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 66

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 67

4. Optoelectronics and Bio Devices on Paper Powered by Solar Cells ......... 72

Abstract ......................................................................................................... 72

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 73

2. Cellulose substrates for electronic devices: characterization

techniques and properties .......................................................................... 80

3. Characteristics of electronic devices on paper ....................................... 88

4. Electrochromic devices on paper .............................................................. 92

5. Lab-on-paper devices ................................................................................. 95

6. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 100

Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 100

5. Excitonic Crystal and Perfect Semiconductors for Optoelectronics ......... 113

Abstract ....................................................................................................... 113

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 114

2. Properties of GaP ....................................................................................... 117

3. Growth Technology for Perfect GaP Bulk and Nano-Crystals .......... 119

4. Optical Properties of Perfect, Long-term Ordered GaP:N Crystals .. 126

5. Comparison of Optical Properties of GaP Nanocrystals and GaP

Perfect Bulk Single Crystals ..................................................................... 135

6. Excitonic Crystal and Its Importance in Optoelectronics ................... 138

7. Already Discovered and Possible Nonlinear Optical Phenomena in

GaP ............................................................................................................... 140

8. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 141

Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 144

6. Nanomorphologies in Conjugated Polymer Solutions and Films

for Application in Optoelectronics, Resolved by Multiscale

Computation ...................................................................................................... 150

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 150

2. Simulation protocols ................................................................................. 153

3. Results and discussion .............................................................................. 161

4. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 177

5. Acknowledgment ...................................................................................... 178

7. Silicon Oxide (SiOx,0 Optoelectronics ................................................................................................. 181

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 181

2. The structure of SiOx (0 3. The phonons’ vibrations and SiOx structure ........................................ 186

4. Electronic density of states (DOS) in SiOx ............................................. 197

5. Optical properties of SiOx thin films ...................................................... 204

6. Electrical properties via electronic transport ....................................... 213

7. From SiOx thin films to silicon nano-crystals embedded in SiO2 ..... 220

8. Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 231

8. Optoelectronics in Suppression Noise of Light .......................................... 236

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 236

2. Suppression intensity noise of fiber laser ............................................. 237

3. Generation of sub-poissonian state ........................................................ 241

4. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 247

9. Use of Optoelectronics to Measure Biosignals Concurrently

During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain ............... 250

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 250

2. Electroencephalagraphy and functional MRI ....................................... 253

3. Electromyography and functional MRI ................................................. 257

4. Electrodermal activity and functional MRI .......................................... 261

5. Other examples of optoelectronics used in fMRI .................................. 264

6. Software solutions for reducing fMRI-induced artifacts in EEG,

EMG and/or EDA ........................................................................................ 264

7. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 265

8. Acknowledgment ...................................................................................... 265

Citation ................................................................................................................ 271

Index .................................................................................................................... 273

About Author

Suyare Bolívar received M. Tech in Electronics and Instrumentation and pursued his Ph.D. in Sensor Technology from Technological University, Mazatian. He is serving as a Research Associate at Scientific Institute, Belmopan. His research areas include solar energy, and biomedicine, bio devices, functional magnetic resonance imaging, processing of electronic components and characterization, synthesis and growth of semiconductors. He has contributed numerous papers in well-known scientific journals on semiconductors, flip flops microcontroller, autonomous sensors and velocity sensors.