About Book

The science of gas turbines is an ancient one and it has been evolving rapidly since its discovery. The rise of new technology has positively affected the development process of this technology. Gas turbines are used to power ships, tanks, aircrafts, trains and even electric generators. The main elements common to all gas turbine engines are: an upstream rotating gas compressor a combustor a downstream turbine on the same shaft as the compressor. Gas turbine technology has steadily advanced since its inception and continues to evolve. Aiding in these advances are computer-based design and the development of advanced materials: Base materials with superior high-temperature strength or thermal barrier coatings that protect the structural material from ever-higher temperatures. These advances allow higher compression ratios and turbine inlet temperatures, more efficient combustion and better cooling of engine parts. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of gas turbine technology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of gas turbines. It focuses on thermal efficiency, heat transfer, low emission gas turbine, aircraft gas turbine, power plant, micro gas turbine, new combustion technologies and gas turbine diagnosis. By keeping the book up to date with new, emerging topics, this book will remain the standard and most widely used book in this field. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on gas turbine engineering have been included in this compilation. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Neural Networks for Gas Turbine Diagnosis.....................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Artificial neural networks....................................................................4

3. Neural networks-based diagnostic approach................................10

4. Optimization of the neural networks-based diagnostic

process...................................................................................................13

5. Feature extraction stage optimization.............................................14

6. Fault detection stage optimization..................................................16

7. Fault localization stage optimization..............................................18

8. Conclusions..........................................................................................26

Chapter 2 Review of the New Combustion Technologies in Modern Gas Turbines.......................................................................................................31

1. Introduction..........................................................................................31

2. The combustion process....................................................................32

3. New combustion systems for gas turbines....................................38

4. Conclusion............................................................................................47

Chapter 3 Micro Gas Turbine Engine: A Review................................................54

1. Introduction..........................................................................................54

2. History...................................................................................................55

3. State-of-the-art microturbines...........................................................56

4. Configuration.......................................................................................61

5. Experimental set-up for microturbine.............................................64

6. Performance evaluation......................................................................69

7. Microturbines and Internal combustion engine´s emissions......76

8. Case studies under Brazilian conditions........................................77

9. Conclusions..........................................................................................87

Chapter 4 Models for Training on a Gas Turbine Power Plant .....................91

1. Introduction..........................................................................................91

2. Prior modelling approaches ............................................................92

3. Description of the simulator.............................................................95

4. Real gas turbine power plant.........................................................100

5. Developing of the gas turbine models ........................................101

6. Tests and results................................................................................114

7. Conclusion .........................................................................................119

8. Acknowledgment..............................................................................119

9. Acronyms............................................................................................119

Chapter 5 Potential of MoSi2 and MoSi2-Si3N4 Composites for Aircraft Gas

Turbine Engines......................................................................................123

1. Introduction........................................................................................123

2. Superalloys and their limitations at elevated temperatures.....124

3. Physical and mechanical properties of MoSi2.............................125

4. Effects of alloying.............................................................................130

5. Development of MoSi2 – Si3N4 composites..................................137

6. Conclusion..........................................................................................144

Chapter 6 Materials for Gas Turbines – An Overview....................................147

1. Introduction........................................................................................147

2. Compressor parts for aircraft engines – Titanium alloys.........148

3. Compressor blading materials for land based gas turbines –

Special steels......................................................................................150

4. Combustion hardware for aircraft and industrial gas turbines

(IGTs)...................................................................................................151

5. Turbine disk applications................................................................152

6. Turbine blades and vanes – Cast superalloys.............................155

7. Vanes - Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) superalloys....162

8. Reaction with the operating environment...................................163

9. Coatings..............................................................................................163

10. Advanced materials under R&D....................................................165

11. Conclusion..........................................................................................171

12. Acknowledgment..............................................................................172

Chapter 7 Characterization of a Spray in the Combustion Chamber of a Low Emission Gas Turbine...........................................................................175

1. Introduction........................................................................................175

2. The turbo alternator.........................................................................175

3. The combustion chamber................................................................176

4. The pilot injector...............................................................................177

5. Experimental study of the non-reactive jet..................................179

6. Modelling of the jet..........................................................................181

7. Numerical study of the non-reactive jet......................................184

8. Limiting conditions of calculation.................................................187

9. Validation of calculations................................................................190

10. Conclusion..........................................................................................198

Chapter 8 Influence of Heat Transfer on Gas Turbine Performance............204

1. Introduction ......................................................................................204

2. Relocating an adiabatic operation point subjected to heat transfer

on a gas turbine map.......................................................................205

3. Heat transfer and geometric scale of gas turbines....................217

4. Conclusion..........................................................................................226

5. Acknowledgment..............................................................................227

6. Appendix: Energy balance calculations........................................228

Chapter 9 Jet Impingement Cooling in Gas Turbines for Improving Thermal Efficiency and Power Density..............................................................233

1. Introduction ......................................................................................233

2. Concept and the need for turbine blade cooling ......................234

3. Typical turbine cooling system .....................................................235

4. Jet impingement cooling..................................................................236

5. Results and discussions ..................................................................246

6. Conclusions .......................................................................................251

7. Acknowledgment .............................................................................251

8. Nomenclature ...................................................................................252

9. Subscripts ..........................................................................................252

10. Greek symbols...................................................................................253

Citation......................................................................................................257

Index...........................................................................................................259

About Author

Liam Inácio obtained his M.Sc. Degree in Automotive Systems Engineering from Technological University, Dundee. He is an Associate Professor at Open Research University, Maastricht. His academic interests lie in internal combustion engine, combustion engineering and steam power plants. He specializes in marine propulsion, compressed air energy storage and auxiliary power units and has contributed extensively in the same through his works. Inácio has also won a "University Excellence in Teaching" award for his outstanding contribution towards the researcher community especially in the higher education programs.